Lenaneo le itlhommeng pele la paballo ea peo lefatšeng le etelletsoeng pele ke Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew e keteka ketsahalo ea bohlokoahali kajeno boitekong ba eona ba ho boloka limela tse hlaha tse sa tloaelehang, tse sokeloang le tse bohlokoa. Ho tloha ka la 1 Hlakubele, Banka ea Peō ea Millennium (MSB) e banketse lipeo tse fetang limilione tse likete tse 2.4 tse emelang kakaretso ea mefuta e fapaneng ea 40,020 ea limela tse hlaha.
E hlalosoa ke bo-ramahlale e le “Areka ea Noe bakeng sa limela,” MSB ke sebaka se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa polokelo ea peo e hlaha lefatšeng, se khubung ea 'laboratori e phelang' ea Kew le lirapa tsa limela tse hlaha, Wakehurst, mahaeng a Sussex. Ka har'a mohaho o thibelang libomo le likhohola ke 98,567 likoleke tsa peo e tsoa linaheng le libakeng tse 190, ho pholletsa le lik'honthinenteng tsohle tse supileng, libaka tse robong tsa biogeographic, le 36. Libaka tse chesang tse nang le limela le liphoofolo tse ngata. Ha e le hantle, MSB e na le sehlooho sa "Guinness World Records" bakeng sa "kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng polokelo ea peo. "
Dr. Elinor Breman, Moetapele e Moholo oa Lipatlisiso Setsing sa Lipeo sa Millennium, o re, “Kamohelo ea polokelo ea peo ea Millennium ke pokello e kholo ka ho fetisisa le e fapaneng ka ho fetesisa ea limela hohle lefatšeng ’me seo se etsa hore e be sesebelisoa sa bohlokoahali bakeng sa bo-ramahlale ba sebetsanang le bothata bona. tlokotsi ea lefatše ka bophara ea mefuta-futa. Tsela e lebisang bankeng 40,000 mefuta ka bomong e bile phephetso le ho putsa 'me re ts'epa hore lilemo tse tlang li tla beha litholoana joalo. Ho baballa dipeo ho MSB ha se feela taba ya ho lelekisa dinomoro, empa ke ka ho eketsa mefuta e fapaneng ya diphatsa tsa lefutso tsa pokello le ho notlolla bokgoni ba tsona ba ho rarolla tse ding tsa diphephetso tse kgolo tseo re tobaneng le tsona kajeno, ho tloha tahlehong ya mefutafuta ho isa ho. polokeho ea lijo ho fetoha ha tlelaemete.”
Lord Benyon, Letona la 'Muso oa UK bakeng sa Ts'ireletso ea Liphoofolo, o re, "Pokello e etelletseng pele ea limela tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e ea Kew e tla ba sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho sebetsana le mathata a tobaneng le naha ea rona kajeno, ho kenyeletsoa ho boloka polokeho ea rona ea lijo, tahlehelo ea ts'ireletso le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Pokello ena ea bohlokoa e sebetsa e le mohlala o mong hape oa boemo ba Great Britain e le moetapele oa lefats'e oa ts'ireletso ea limela mme e beha mohlala oo lefatše le lokelang ho o latela.
Ke mefuta efe e ileng ea eketsoa?
Har’a tse ekelitsoeng morao tjena polokelong ea peō, e leng se etsang hore palo ea mefuta e bokeletsoeng e fete 40,000 XNUMX, ke limela tse hlaha tse tsoang Madagascar, Pakistan le Caucasus. Tsena li kenyeletsa mofuta o kotsing ea ho fela oa baobab Adansonia perrieri, kapa baobab ea Perrier, le Erythrophleum couming e kotsing ea ho fela, sefate sa leguminous se fumanehang Bare de Ball National Park lebōpong le ka bophirimela la Madagascar. Le hoja likutu le makhasi a morao-rao a tsejoa a sebelisoa e le tonic ea pelo, semela sena se chefo haholo ka tekanyo e phahameng 'me makhapetla a sona a ka baka ho hema ka nakoana, ho tsieleha, esita le ho tšoaroa ke pelo.
Lintlha tse ling tsa morao-rao li kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata ea orchid e bokeletsoeng sebakeng sa Caucasus, joalo ka Orchis coriophora, moo MSB e hokahanyang lenaneo le inehetseng la paballo ea peō Armenia. Lipeo tsa orchid li thata haholo ho li bokella le ho li baballa kaha ke tsona tse nyenyane ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, semela se le seng se hlahisang limilione tsa lipeō tse kang lerōle. Ka lebaka la boholo ba tsona bo fokolang, ha li na sebaka sa polokelo ea lijo ’me ka kakaretso ha li khone ho mela ka botsona. Ho e-na le hoo, mefuta e mengata e itšetlehile ka balekane ba fungus—eo ho thoeng ke likamano tsa mycorrhizal—hore e mele. Lipeo tsa Orchid le tsona li thata ho li boloka empa bafuputsi ba MSB le linaheng tse ling ba ntse ba hlahisa mekhoa e mecha ea ho phela nako e telele.
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Ke hobane'ng ha e le habohlokoa
Ho ea ka tlaleho ea Kew's State of the World's Plants and Fungi ka 2020, limela tse peli ho tse hlano lefatšeng ka bophara li kotsing ea ho timela ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha tikoloho ea tlhaho, phetoho ea tšebeliso ea mobu, le ho eketseha ho sa tsitsang ho bakoang ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Hona joale, ho feta leha e le neng pele, bo-rasaense ba lumela hore mehato e lokela ho nkoa ho tlisa phetoho e ntle ea tlhaho bakeng sa bokamoso. Paballo ea ex-situ, joalo ka ho boloka peō, e khethiloe e le mokhoa o mong oa ho sireletsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng le mefuta-futa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka hare.
Ho fapana le libanka tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa balekane li shebane le ho tšehetsa mefuta e fapaneng ea limela tse ruuoang lapeng le tse hlaha, joalo ka Svalbard Global Seed Vault bakeng sa lijalo tsa lijo, Lipokello tsa MSB li emela feela limela tse sokeloang le tse hlaha tse molemo. Limela tse hlaha, joalo ka lijalo tse hlaha tsa lijalo tse tsebahalang tseo re li jang, li na le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le litšoaneleho tseo bafuputsi ba ts'epileng hore li ka bula menyetla ea ho tobana le mathata a kenyeletsang phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, komello, mafu le likokoanyana.
Ka 2010, setsebi sa tlhaho Sir David Attenborough o ile a reha MSB "mohlomong mohato oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa paballo e kileng ea e-ba teng," a totobatsa bohlokoa ba paballo ea mehleng ea khale. Eaba o pheta molaetsa ona letotong la lingoloa tsa Sky Atlantic Kingdom of Plants, ha a re MSB ha se feela "pholisi ea inshorense khahlano le apocalypse ea ho qetela" empa ke sesebelisoa sa ho pholosa limela "tse haufi le ho timela."
Dr. Kate Hardwick, Conservation Partnership Coordinator ho MSB, o re, “Bo-rasaense ba Kew ba hakanya hore likarolo tse peli ho tse hlano tsa limela tsohle li kotsing ea ho timela naheng ’me seo se re bontša hore na re tobane le bothata bo bokae mabapi le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng. tahlehelo, e susumetsoang haholo ke tahlehelo ea bolulo le phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Boitekong ba ho sebetsana le litaba tsena, Kew e thehile Banka ea Peō ea Millennium lilemong tse fetang 20 tse fetileng ho fana ka letlooa la polokeho le tla boloka ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng peō ea limela tse hlaha ho tsoa lefats'eng lohle. Ka ho sebetsa le balekane ba fetang 260 bonyane linaheng tse 97 tse fapaneng, Kew e thehile Areka ea Noe bakeng sa limela, e tiisang hore li tla pholoha peisong ea ho timela.”
Ho sireletsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng ho feta feela ho tšoaea limela tse kotsing ka ho fetisisa le tse molemo bakeng sa paballo, ho akarelletsa ho sireletsa mefuta-futa e hlollang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e teng ka har'a eona. Sena se kenyelletsa, mohlala, ho baballa lijalo tse hlaha tsa lijo tseo re li jang kajeno ka ho baballa tikoloho ea tsona ea tlhaho (in-situ conservation) le ho boloka liphatsa tsa lefutso libakeng tsa polokelo ea peo (ex-situ conservation).
Ka 2020, matsapa a MSB Partnership a ho boloka peo lefatšeng ka bophara a bone bonyane balekane ba 350 linaheng tse 74 ba boloka peo ea mefuta e fetang 57,000 libakeng tsa polokelo ea peo lefatšeng ka bophara. Maikemisetso 8 a Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020, e phatlalalitsoeng ke United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), e kopile bonyane 75% ea mefuta ea limela e sokeloang e tla tšoareloa pokellong ea khale, ho kenyeletsoa le limela tse phelang tsa botanic. lirapa, hammoho le bonyane 75% ea limela tse tsejoang tse kotsing ea ho baballoa ka har'a situ.
Leeto la peo
Peo e fihla ho MSB ka mefuta le maemo a fapaneng, ka linako tse ling e ntse e khomaretse limela le litholoana. Pele li ka bolokoa ka kamoreng e ka tlas'a lefatše, li omisoa ka kamoreng e omeletseng e nang le mongobo o lekaneng oa 15% le 15˚C, pele ho ts'ebetso, ha li hloekisoa le ho etsoa x-ray bakeng sa matšoao a likokoanyana le mahe a emolisitsoeng hampe. Ka mor'a moo, li omisoa hape ho lelefatsa bophelo ba tsona, 'me nako ea bophelo ea peo e imena habeli bakeng sa phokotso e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea 1% ea mongobo oa eona.
Ka mor'a ho omisa, peō e atisa ho ba mongobo oa 3-6% - ho ntša metsi 'ohle ho tloha peo ho ka ba kotsi. Hang ha li se li lokile, li kenngoa ka lijaneng tsa khalase tse koetsoeng ebe li bolokoa ka kamoreng e batang ho -20˚C ho netefatsa hore li phela lilemo tse makholo. Ka mor'a lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 10, lipeo lia ntšoa ho leka ho mela ha tsona.
Ho phaella tabeng ya ho bolokwa ka diphaposing tsa polokelo ya MSB, bonyane halofo ya dipeo tse bokelletsweng kantle ho naha di bolokwa naheng eo di hlahang ho yona. Ho etsa joalo ho eketsa boemo bo eketsehileng ba tšireletso, ho etsa hore pokello ea peo e fihlellehe haholoanyane ho bo-rasaense le mebuso ea machaba, 'me ho thusa ho matlafatsa likamano pakeng tsa Kew le balekane ba eona.
Mefuta e khahlisang e kenyelletsa
Har'a mehlala e khahlang haholo ka har'a pokello ea MSB ke peo ea limela tse nkoang li sokeloa kapa li se li felile naheng. Tsena li kenyelletsa palesa e tšehla ea fatu (Abutilon pitcairnense), e nyenyane ka ho fetisisa ea metsi (Nymphaea thermarum), le pea e sa tloaelehang le e sokeloa e ikhethang Australia Bochabela e tsejoang e le clover glycine (Glycine latrobeana). Ka 2020, lipeo tse 250 tsa clover glycine li ile tsa ntšoa ho MSB 'me tsa romelloa Setsing sa Paballo ea Peō sa Australia Boroa bakeng sa ho hasana, ho thusa ho khutlisa leqeba la mollo la Cudlee Creek.
Tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao li kenyelletsa peo ea joang bo boea ba Antarctic (Deschampsia antarctica) -e leng se seng sa limela tse peli feela tse thunyang tse tsoang Antarctica - tse bokelitsoeng nakong ea leeto la masimo pejana ka 2022. Peō ea semela sena se tsotehang e sa tsoa kōptjoa ke mofuputsi oa Ukraine. a lelekeloa Jeremane, ea sa kang a khona ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hae Kyiv ka lebaka la ntoa e ntseng e tsoela pele.
Leha ho le joalo, 8-20% ea limela tse thunyang ke seo ho thoeng ke mefuta ea recalcitrant-ha e khone ho bolokoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho MSB kaha lipeo tsa tsona ha li mamelle ho omisoa. Ka lebaka leo, bo-ramahlale ba ntse ba batlisisa ka mekhoa ea ho boloka li-cryo-preservation (ho hoama ka potlako le ho boloka lipeo mochesong o tlase) ho eketsa ts'ireletso ea tsona.
Ho sebelisa peo - ho tloha ho peo ho ea ho sethopo ho ea ho lema
Litsebi tsa ho mela lipeong tsa liteko tsa MSB ka mor'a lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse leshome ka mabaka a mabeli: ho beha leihlo ho sebetsa ha pokello ea motho ka mong, le ho theha mekhoa ea ho fetola peō hore e be limela tse hōlileng ka ho feletseng. Lipeo li mela lijaneng tsa petri tse nang le agar-e leng ntho e kang jelly e entsoeng ka algae, e leng sebaka se bonolo sa ho fana ka metsi-'me maemong a mang a buloa ka bonolo kapa a 'chipped' ho lumella metsi ho kena ka hare le ho hlōla ho robala.
Rachael Davies, Setsebi sa Meliso, o re, “Phuputso ea ho se be teng ha peō, ho mela, ho tsoela pele le ho phela nako e telele ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa se re thusang ho rarolla mathata a mangata a amanang le pokello. Ho theha melaoana ea ho mela le ho hlola mathata ana ho boetse ho nolofalletsa lipeo le limela hore li fumanehe bakeng sa lipatlisiso le paballo, e leng ho eketsang monyetla oa ts'ebeliso ea tsona bakeng sa ho lokisa sebaka sa bolulo kapa merero ea ts'ebeliso e tsitsitseng. ”
Tše dingwe tša dipeu tšeo di thomago go tšweletša mahlogedi di fetišetšwa go MSB Nursery, moo di bjalwago ka motswako wa mosuela ke boradibjalo ba dibjalo ka Yuniting ya Phadišano le Tšhireletšo ya Dibjalo ya Wakehurst. Haeba li atlehile, lipeo li tla mela ka har'a moiteli 'me li tsoele pele ho hola tlas'a leihlo le nchocho la setsebi sa limela.
Tšebelisano 'moho lefatšeng ka bophara
Lipokello tsa MSB li ntse li tsitsitse ha lipeo li ntse li kena le ho tsoa ka har'a polokelo ea tsona, litsebi tsa lekhetho li lekola mefuta, kapa lipeo li tlosoa molemong oa lipatlisiso. Lefatšeng ka bophara, palo ea mefuta e bolokiloeng ke MSB Partnership (MSBP) e boetse e phahame ho feta pokello ea batho ka bomong e bolokiloeng Wakehurst 'me e emela mefuta e ka bang 57,500 ea limela. dimela tse hlaha. Lipeo tse bokelletsoeng ka MSBP li kopitsoa sebakeng sa polokelo ea peo tlas'a Tumellano ea Phano ea Likokoana-hloko le Nagoya Protocol.
Ka hona, MSBP ke leano la inshorense bakeng sa bokamoso ba mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa lefats'e, kaha ke sesebelisoa sa ho holisa likamano tse ncha le bokhoni ba polokelo ea peo ka har'a linaha tse kopanetsoeng. Ho fihlela sepheo sena, Maemo a Paballo ea Peō ea MBSP a fana ka setlankana sa lithulusi tse molemo bakeng sa linaha le mekhatlo ho eketsa boleng le mefuta-futa ea pokello ea tsona ea peo tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a paballo a amohelehang a machaba.
Litšebelisano tse atlehileng li kenyelletsa tšebelisano-'moho ea nako e telele le Setsi sa Naha sa Lihloliloeng sa Afrika Boroa (SANBI) ho thusa ho nts'etsapele le ho tšehetsa lichelete tsa naha. peo pokello bakeng sa Afrika Boroa-lehae la mefuta e fetang 21,000 ea limela. Ho sebetsa le balekane linaheng tse fetang 100 ho tloha ka selemo sa 2000, ho lumelletse MSB hore e be mohloli o moholo ka ho fetisisa le o fapaneng ka ho fetisisa oa liphatsa tsa lefutso oa tsebo ea limela lefatšeng.
